In the Ming Dynasty, the amount of copper coins cast was not large. It is estimated that the total amount of copper coins cast in the past 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for years from Hongwu to Chongzhen (has been engaged in antique collection for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for has been engaged in antique collection for 2008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for -has been engaged in antique collection for has been engaged in antique collection for ) was less than has been engaged in antique collection for /has been engaged in antique collection for of that in the has been engaged in antique collection for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for years of the Northern Song Dynasty (has been engaged in antique collection for has been engaged in antique collection for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for -has been engaged in antique collection for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for has been engaged in antique collection for ). Among the copper coins in the Ming Dynasty, Longqing had the least amount of casting. Unlike other Ming money, Longqing did not cast it into private circulation at first, but in the salary paid to officials, half of the old money was distributed by Longqing, so there was no private casting, and it was heavy and round (in the late Ming Dynasty from Wanli to Chongzhen Xiaoping, except for Taichang, private casting ）。

　was seen in the late Jiajing period, qian Jian began to cast money in brass, mainly to effectively master the smelting of zinc ore. The copper coins before Jiajing, even if the copper color is yellow, the composition is still bronze. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, there were many copper-like brass coins. The Yuan people took brass as their price, but the brass coins in the Yuan Dynasty were not copper-zinc alloys and were not really defined as brass. In addition to the smelting of zinc, the casting of brass is more difficult than bronze, bronze has a low melting point and good fluidity; brass has a higher melting point and a higher shrinkage rate, and the cast character is less sharp. (From the brass money in the Qing Dynasty, it is easier to see defective products with contracted characters than bronze money in the Song and Ming Dynasties. It can be seen that ）

　brass money is not easy to rust. From the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, there are still many brass money that remain yellow and bright. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, Jiajing, Longqing brass money, I do not know whether the smelting is not fully mature, it seems that occasionally visible harmful rust. Generally speaking, except for the copper coins unearthed in Xinjiang, which are relatively prone to harmful rust due to the soil quality, it is rare to see harmful rust 。

　in the brass coins in the mainland. The Longqing coins are all cast by the Beijing Bureau, and there are not many editions. 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for . eight years ago, there was a version of Longqing with a rusty iron shell, which was widely spread. Many coin merchants recruited batches, and it was only a few years later that someone revealed in the ancient spring, it is said that it was made by Xuzhou people, so it is commonly known as "Xuzhou Edition" (as shown in Figure 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for ). Compared with the real product, the strokes are not smooth enough and slightly stiff. The biggest feature is the right-hand specialty of the word "Bao". I wonder if it is a deliberate dark note。

　. Since the Xuzhou edition appeared, the real product of Longqing with rusty iron shell has been affected by the fish in the pond and is often neglected. An improved version of the Xuzhou version has begun to appear on the market. For example, the rust of the iron shell is washed off and made into yellow-bright paste to reduce the guard of collectors (as shown in Figure has been engaged in antique collection for ), but the text is still Xuzhou version. Or shorten the right dot of the word "treasure" and so on. Readers should be alert。

. Figure has been engaged in antique collection for : Longqing genuine  

Figure 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for : Xuzhou version of Longqing counterfeit currency is

wider than genuine, and the right dot.

: xuzhou Version of Fake Longqing Grinding Iron Shell Rust