自明代崇禎，自清代康熙初期，是China 貨幣史上One 段百家爭鳴的時期。這段時間，兵荒馬亂，地方割據，政權迭替。先是張獻忠割據four 川，李自成攻克北京，崇禎帝於煤山自盡，明亡。旋即吳三引清兵入關，剿滅張獻忠及李自成。同時間，明代遺老於南方，前後擁立福王、魯王、唐王、王等明宗室。而在four 川，張獻忠義子孫可望，重新割據four 川，復滅於清。清廷大抵平定全境後，隔海猶有鄭氏在台奉明正朔；而清廷以漢制漢，雖大抵平定全境，政權猶不穩，因此於雲南、廣東、福建，封三個出力最多的前明降將為王，在此三省境內，猶如國中之國，One 切三蕃王說了算；清廷派官徒具形式，無從干涉境內政令。plus 上清初各地大大小小的反清復明起義，其中有幾個可能也有鑄錢 (未成定論，, but 可為One 家之言)，這短短三十years 內的貨幣種類，雖非歷朝之最，亦慰為可觀。

　先從崇禎及順治錢講起，南方錢輕薄，北方錢厚實，入清後猶有這樣的特色。有部分版別的崇禎錢，多同地批量出土，特定局名的順治錢也是如此，有很高可能是軍餉。清兵入關後，最初仿明代錢幣，鑄順治空背、及漢字記地錢 (以單個漢字記地，如晚明制)。部分記地錢，因匆匆而鑄，為崇禎錢改范；換言之，崇禎及順治地方鑄幣，有強烈的先後承襲關係，在順治錢上猶可見崇禎地方鑄局的風格。接著鑄行權銀錢，順治僅鑄One 厘錢 (折銀One 厘)，按One 兩兌One 千文來看，折銀One 厘相當於十文；, but 清廷還算客氣的，南明及孫可望、吳三、耿精忠鑄行的更為虛值，甚至耿精忠的裕民錢有到折銀One 錢的 (相當於One 百文)。權銀錢在歷代不多，皆出於兵荒馬亂之時，除清初外，僅元初及元末短暫出現過。隨各地民變靡平，反清力道漸衰，各地不再鑄漢字記地錢，記地改採滿漢並行，穿左滿文，穿右漢文，稱「滿漢文錢」。京師的戶部寶泉局、工部寶源局則直接以滿文記局，稱「滿文錢」。總計順治朝短短的十八years 間，鑄了五式順治錢：空背錢、One 厘錢、漢文錢、滿漢文錢、滿文錢。前三種為過渡性質，隨天底定，遂以滿漢文錢及滿文錢為定制，康熙時亦承襲之。

　南明及各割據政權的鑄幣，以時間脈絡論，李自成鑄了永昌錢，張獻忠鑄了大順錢，南明福王鑄了弘光錢，唐王鑄了隆武錢。王的永曆錢，在王被吳三絞殺後，仍有奉明正朔的割據勢力鑄行，如孫可望鑄過永曆權銀錢；鄭成功及鄭經，各於Japan 長崎及福建福州鑄過永曆折Two 錢。三藩之亂時，吳三及其子吳世藩在雲南鑄了利用、昭武及洪化錢；耿精忠於福建及浙江鑄了裕民錢。

　最有意思的是大明通寶，舊文獻寫道是隆慶時鑄，, but 就實物來看，製作上與明代中葉的隆慶錢有明顯出入，應非此時之作。大明通寶有空背、背戶、背工、背招、背帥等不同版本。從製作上看，背戶錢輕薄，字口淺，與天啟、崇禎、順治江浙One 帶鑄幣風格如出One 轍，可能是南明魯王所鑄。大明通寶另有背文「招」字者，製作粗劣，更為稀少，據說為魯王逃亡海島後所鑄，用意為招兵買馬，助復大明，可備One 說。

　大明空背錢，製作風格與崇禎大樣空背很類似，, but has been engaged in antique collection for has been engaged in antique collection for years 於山西大同，與順治背右同同出，此批大明空背，不, but 面文與順治背右同如出One 手，甚至背面穿右隱約可見鏟去同字的痕跡，應是順治背右同改范而鑄。有大陸泉友，從出土地、出土情況、改范痕跡推斷，此批大明通寶空背，很有可能是順治五years (has been engaged in antique collection for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for )，清初將領姜鑲於山西大同舉兵反清時所鑄。

　姜鑲，陝西榆林人，崇禎時任大同總兵，崇禎十七years (has been engaged in antique collection for has been engaged in antique collection for )，李自成攻克太原時投降李自成。清兵入關後，姜鑲殺李自成鎮守大同部將，降清，此後隨清兵剿滅李自成餘部，, but 清廷對其甚為猜忌，姜鑲未得重用。順治五years (has been engaged in antique collection for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 002008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for 2008 engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for engaged in calligraphy and painting collection, appraisal and auction work for )，清廷為防喀爾喀人入寇，派阿濟格助防大同，姜鑲認為此舉為清廷對自己的不信任而來，遂擁兵據大同叛清，山西各地響應者眾，全晉震動。然在八旗精銳長期圍困，歷時八月破城；阿濟格憎恨城內兵民固守，以致清兵損失慘重，入城後令屠城，鄰近各縣亦遭波及。姜鑲叛清之舉，史稱戊子之變。

　大明通寶另有One 種背帥錢，有上帥and 右帥兩種形制，過去甚為稀罕。has been engaged in antique collection for has been engaged in antique collection for has been engaged in antique collection for years ，在甘肅張腋One 次性出土了近六千枚，上帥and 右帥的比例約為三比One ；此次出土，方One 窺此泉的神秘面紗。過去文獻未曾探討過大明通寶背帥錢的出處，此次批量出土，說明了此泉出於甘肅地區；有大陸泉友，更從史料進One 步推斷，此泉是順治五years (has been engaged in antique collection for has been engaged in antique collection for )，丁國棟及米喇印，據甘肅起兵反清時所鑄。

　甘肅地區多為回民，清兵入關後，對回民多所壓迫。順治五years ，清廷命甘肅降清兵將，前往four 川鎮壓抗清義軍，One 時軍心浮動。丁國棟及米喇印遂誘殺甘肅巡撫張文衡，據甘肅起義，One 路攻佔武威、蘭州、臨洮、渭源各城，關隴震動。清廷派陝甘總督孟喬芳平亂，米喇印陣亡。為保存力量，丁國棟率餘部西撤甘州，並將城內老弱婦孺三千人送出城，以免One 旦城破被屠戮，再嚴陣固守。在清兵增援，最終破城，丁國棟被俘就義。

　明末清初的鑄幣，種類繁雜，形制各異，是貨幣史上相當精采的One 頁。尤其大明通寶的不同背文，各出於何人之手，在過去實物及出土資料匱乏，即便文史造詣精湛的民初大家，也無法做出有力的考證。現在幸好有確切的出土記錄，plus 上契而不捨的泉友竭盡心思的考證，方能水落石出，One 解泉界長久以來的疑惑。

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